Enka no Joou [Eng Subs] (Complete)

Episode 1
Kouhaku: Short for Kouhaku Uta Gassen, a New Year's Eve singing competition featuring popular singers divided into women (red team) and men (white team) who "battle" each other
aka-gumi: the women's (red) team in Kouhaku
Naniwa: old name for Osaka
Sakurazaka: lit. "Cherry Blossom Hill", a famous hill in Kawasaki
omiai: arranged marriage
kara-age bentou: fried chicken (kara-age) box-meal (bentou)
himawari: sunflower (this happens to be the heroine's stage name)
Itadakimasu: an expression said before one is about to eat or drink
daikichi: means "very good luck"; you go to a shrine and draw one of these omikuji (paper slips) that tell you your fortune, with daikichi being the best outcome
janken: Japanese form of rock-paper-scissors or roshambo
snack bar (sunakku): a bar with female employees who entertain male customers

Episode 2
Narita: Narita International Airport, located outside of Tokyo; the major international airport of Japan
Hayashiya pe-pa- (林家ペーパー夫妻): A famous husband-and-wife comedic duo who met as rakugo performers (if you saw Tiger and Dragon, the "storytelling" in that series is rakugo); the husband is Hayashiya Pe- and the wife is Hayashiya Pa-ko
otsukare-sama: Probably seen this already, but in case you haven't, it's an expression of gratitude, thanking someone for a hard day's work (e.g., when you are leaving the office for the evening)
obasan: A title of address for middle-aged women
pachinko: A pinball/casino slot machine game
-chan: A suffix sometimes used (usu. by women) when talking to kids
okaasan: Title of address for one's mother, mother-in-law, etc.
Yuuyake koyake (夕焼け小焼け): Popular children's song about going home as the sun sets; kids sometimes sing this together as they are walking back home from school
love hotel (rabuho/rabuhoteru): A hotel offering rooms and services geared towards couples who need a place to get together for the night

Episode 3
gomi: in general this means garbage or trash, but the last name of Narumi Riko's character just happens to be this, just with different characters (五味)
Sadako (貞子): her first name is old-fashioned, and is no longer common among Japanese girls
Higashi-Juujou: An area in Kita Ward, Tokyo (northern part of Tokyo)
enkou (援交): short for 援助交際 (enjo kousai), "schoolgirl prostitution"; in more general terms, prostitution is not necessarily involved and the young girl simply goes on dates with the male customer in exchange for money or goods
revolving sushi (kaiten-zushi): in case you don't know what it is, the sushi is placed on a conveyor belt that circles around so that customers can pick up which sushi they want
miso soup (miso shiru): a Japanese staple, a soup of soybean paste (miso) mixed with broth (dashi)
onigiri: rice ball, with dried seaweed (nori) wrapped around, usu. with a filling like salmon, umeboshi (pickled plum), etc.

Episode 4
udon: A thick noodle made from buckwheat (and the soup that uses this type of noodle)
koki (古希): Seventy-years old; in this episode, Hitoshi confuses this with 子機, which is like a secondary telephone set or the receiver on a cordless telephone
Katsushika (葛飾): One of the 23 wards of Tokyo, located in the northeast of the city
gyuudon: "beef bowl" i.e., a bowl of rice topped with sauteed beef and onions
ramen: Chinese-style noodles or the soup that uses them, often including various toppings like onions, sliced pork, etc.
Gunma (群馬): A prefecture north of Tokyo
konnyaku: A jelly that is produced from a plant of the same name, used in dishes such as oden
Awateru kojiki wa morai ga sukunai (慌てる乞食は貰いが少ない): "The beggar who tries too hard receives less" i.e., if you panic, it might actually work against you; Hitoshi forgets part of the saying (慌てる何とか) and uses 儲け (profit) instead of 貰い
shouyu (醤油): Japanese soy sauce; Masami explains that she said this instead of sho-ru (ショール, shawl)
sashimi: raw slices of fish/seafood such as tuna, octopus, blowfish, etc.
sushi: (I'm sure you guys know this, but for the sake of completeness) rice, which is usually topped/rolled with seafood, meat, eggs, etc.
tenchou (店長): The head/manager of a store

Episode 5
Valentine's Day (February 14th): on this day in Japan, women often give chocolates to men that they like as part of confessing their love; in addition there is also giri-choco (義理チョコ, "obligatory chocolate"), given by women to men who they are acquainted with but do not necessarily have feelings for (e.g., bosses or coworkers); gift-giving is mainly from women to men, since men give their gifts to women on White Day (ホワイトデー), March 14th
amazake (甘酒): a sweet, traditional drink made from fermented rice; it's only slightly alcoholic
J-COM (ジェイコム): a staffing agency whose stock was involved in a trading incident in 2005; a stockholder from Mizuho Securities accidentally sold a large number of shares for a very low price, which caused other stockholders to panic and sell their shares as well
tetsuya (徹夜): to stay up all night doing something (e.g., schoolwork); this is supposed to be a joke by Himawari's mother because the host's name is also Tetsuya (哲矢)
Sakurai: as in Sakurai Kazutoshi (桜井和寿), vocalist and guitarist in the band Mr.Children
Mr. Children: J-Rock band, also known as Misuchiru (ミスチル) to fans
nabe: lit. pot (鍋), but also the stew/hotpot dishes that are cooked in a pot
takoyaki: octopus dumplings
taka ga shireteru (高が知れてる): lit. "quantity/amount is known," an expression which means that something does not amount to much, is trivial; this is used by Tetsuya as a pun when he mentions that Himawari's mother sold the takoyaki shop (taka and tako sound similar)
Daruma san ga koronda: children's game where the oni (demon) turns his/her back and calls out "Daruma san ga koronda" ("Daruma has tumbled down"). The other children try to move towards the oni while the oni is saying this. When the oni finishes saying that he/she can turn around at which point the other children who have been moving must stop; if the oni sees them moving, they become prisoners (when I was younger we had a similar game called Red LIght, Green Light)

Episode 6
Don Quijote (ドン・キホテ): abbr. Donki (ドンキ), a chain of discount stores
yakiniku: grilled meat
genmai: rice that has not been polished, i.e., brown rice, commonly included in tea called genmaicha (玄米茶)
M-1 Grand Prix: a relatively new but fairly famous comedy competition, open to all comedians (usu. comedy is done in pairs); incidentally, the name is a takeoff of K-1 Grand Prix, an end-of-the-year competition for K-1, a kick-boxing/wrestling show
Mama: a title of address for the female owner of a bar

Episode 7
remittance fraud (furikome sagi, 振り込め詐欺): a common type of fraud where the criminal pretends to be a relative or acquaintance of the victim and asks them to transfer money into their bank account
marriage fraud (kekkon sagi, 結婚詐欺): another type of fraud where the con artist gets into an intimate relationship with the victim, and pretends to have a huge debt to pay off; the victim then gives them money, but the criminal escapes before they are officially married
niichan: informal title of address of for one's older brother
tsubo　(坪): a unit of area measurement, equivalent to approx. 3.31 sq m (35.6 sq ft)
Shinano (信濃): the old name for what is roughly now Nagano Prefecture

Episode 8

Densha Otoko (電車男, "Train Man"): the supposedly-true story of Densha Otoko, an otaku ("nerd," "geek") who falls in love with a beautiful girl, and with the help of friends through Internet message boards, attempts to woo the girl; the story has been made into a manga, movie, and drama series
shougayaki (生姜焼き): grilled pork which has been marinated in a sauce containing ginger (shouga)

Episode 9

"You can't do something or other on an empty stomach": Himawari did not give the whole saying, which is "You can't fight a war on an empty stomach" (Hara ga hette wa ikusa wa dekinu, 腹が減っては戦は出来ぬ), or for a more traditional English equivalent, perhaps "An army runs on its stomach"
Tsuutenkaku (通天閣): an observation tower in Naniwa Ward, Osaka, known as a landmark of the city; there is a statue of Billiken inside the tower
Billiken (ビリケン): a good-luck character invented in America in the early 1900s which eventually made its way to Japan; one statue of Billiken is enshrined in the Tsuutenkaku; if you rub the soles of his feet, it is supposed to bring good luck
suji ga tooru/suji wo toosu (筋が通る・筋を通す): this is the idiom that was referenced when Himawari's mother mentions the character for "(emotionally) painful" (tsura(i), 辛); the idiom literally means "a line passes through (something)" or "to pass a line through (something)"--but if you add one line to the character for "painful," it becomes the character for "happiness" or "fortune" (shiawa(se), 幸); in the idiomatic meaning, however, the phrase here means "to follow one's principles," i.e., to "stick to it" without compromising, to believe in oneself
Neechan: informal title of address for one's older sister

Episode 10 (Final)

inchou (院長): the head/director of a hospital; also used as a respectful title of address for this person, as in Inchou-sensei (院長先生)
police box (kouban, 交番): a small, rudimentary office for policemen working a neighborhood beat (this is opposed to a generally larger "police station")
ikemen (イケメン): slang for a "cool guy"
obi (帯): the sash used to tie a kimono
Amami-goe (天海越え): this phrase in "A Woman's Crossroads" is a slight take on "Amagi-goe," (天城越え), an enka song by Ishida Sayuri (石川さゆり)
Amami-yuki (天海雪): another pun in the lyrics for "A Woman's Crossroads," a take on the name of lead actress Amami Yuuki (天海祐希)
Tsugaru (津軽): a place name for a region in Aomori Prefecture at the northern tip of Honshuu, the main island of Japan; it is also the name of the strait separating Honshuu and Hokkaidou, Tsugari Kaikyou (津軽海峡); incidentally, in terms of enka, Ishida Sayuri also sang "Winter Scenery at Tsugaru Strait" (津軽海峡冬景色)